Albumin低

  • Journal List
  • Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi
  • v.20(3); 2017 Mar 20
  • PMC5973299

Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2017 Mar 20; 20(3): 175–186.

Language: Chinese | English

血清白蛋白及尿素氮水平与肺癌不同临床病理特征和预后的关系

Relationships between Serum Albumin and Urea Level and the Clinical Pathological Characteristics and Survival Time in Patients with Lung Cancer

Abstract

背景与目的

肺癌作为全球男女性中致死率最高的肿瘤之一,严重威胁着人类的健康。本研究旨在分析肺癌患者血清白蛋白及尿素氮水平与临床病理特征及生存期的关系。

方法

收集2008年1月-2013年12月四川大学华西医院病理确诊原发性肺癌患者1, 098例,检测患者血清中白蛋白及尿素氮水平,按检测水平是否正常分为阳性组及阴性组,分别分析白蛋白及尿素氮水平与肺癌临床病理特征及生存期的相关性。

结果

1, 098例患者的年龄、性别、病理学分型、肝转移、胸膜转移与血清白蛋白水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);312例鳞癌患者的年龄、肺内转移以及612例腺癌患者的年龄、性别、临床分期、胸膜转移与白蛋白水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。尿素水平与各临床特征均无统计学意义。不同病理学类型的肺癌患者血清白蛋白水平在阴性组与阳性组中位生存时间分别为鳞癌36个月和19个月,腺癌35个月和15个月,前者中位生存期明显高于后者。尿素氮水平与肺癌患者生存期无相关性。

结论

多种影响因素与血清白蛋白阳性程度相关,血清白蛋白水平与肺癌的生存相关,其是肺癌患者预测预后的一个指标。

Keywords: 肺肿物, 血清白蛋白, 尿素氮, 预后

Abstract

Background and objective

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Thus, this disease severely threatens human health. This study aims to identify the relationships between serum albumin and urea level and the clinical pathological characteristics and survival time in patients with lung cancer.

Methods

A total of 1, 098 patients with lung cancer were diagnosed by pathology and tested the serum albumin and urea level in West China Hospital of Sichuan University during January 2008 to December 2013. According to the levels of albumin and urea, patients were divided into the normal level group(negative group) and abnormal level group(positive group). The differences of patients' clinical pathological characteristics and survival time in the two groups were analyzed.

Results

Differences in age, sex, histological classification, liver metastasis and pleural metastasis were statistically significant between the two groups of serum albumin(P < 0.05). Differences in age, intrapulmonary metastasis of 312 patients of squamous cell carcinoma and differences in age, sex, stages, pleural metastasis of 612 patients of adenocarcinoma between the two groups of serum albumin(P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups of urea. In different histological classification between the two groups of serum albumin, the median survival period of squamous cell carcinoma was 36 months and 19 monthes, adenocarcinoma was 35 months and 15 monthes, the abnormal group were all significantly lower than those in the normal group. The median survival period was no significant difference between the two groups of urea.

Conclusion

The level of serum albumin is an important indicator for prognosis.

Keywords: Lung neoplasms, Albumin, Urea, Prognosis

目前肺癌是全球发病率及致死率最高的肿瘤之一,非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)约占肺癌的80%,包括腺癌、鳞癌和大细胞癌;小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)约占20%,其恶性程度高,发展迅速,预后更差。尽管近些年治疗手段不断发展,但其5年生存率仅为17%[1]。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)预测中国到2025年时每年新发肺癌病例将超过100万,成为世界肺癌第一大国[2]。

肺癌患者血清标志物监测对肺癌的诊断、治疗及预后有重要的临床意义。随着科技的进步,目前对肿瘤标志物的研究进展很快,临床多采用肿瘤标志物的联合检测。但在临床工作中,临床医师对血清中部分生化指标并不够重视。生化指标中血清白蛋白及尿素氮的测定值,可能会反应肺癌患者的预后。白蛋白主要在肝脏合成,其半衰期长,在体内广泛分布,以阻止体内营养状态的迅速改变。肺癌患者,尤其是疾病进展的患者,由于肿瘤代谢增强,能量消耗大,多数患者食欲下降,食物摄入量减少,白蛋白合成减少等因素,导致血清白蛋白水平下降。因此我们推测白蛋白水平不仅提示患者的营养水平,也和患者的预后有关。血清尿素氮是反应肾功能的主要指标之一,也是人体蛋白质代谢的主要终末产物。我们推测,血清尿素氮是否也和肺癌患者的预后等有相关性。因此本研究分析血清标志物中白蛋白及尿素氮指标与肺癌患者的临床特征及生存预后的差异。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

研究对象为2008年1月-2013年12月四川大学华西医院确诊原发性肺癌患者1, 098例,所有患者均随访24个月-36个月。纳入标准为初诊为原发性肺癌患者,所有患者均经病理学证实。排除标准为排除无病理学依据,临床资料不完整患者;以及合并其他肿瘤或肺癌复治的患者。收集资料包括肺癌患者年龄(<45岁、45岁-60岁、>60岁)、性别(男性、女性)、病理学分型(鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞癌)、临床分期(Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期)、吸烟史、淋巴结转移及远程转移(脑、骨、肝、肾上腺、肺内、胸膜、纵隔)情况。临床分期根据第七版美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer, AJCC)的肿瘤-淋巴结-转移(tumor -node-metastasis, TNM)分期[3],病理类型及分化程度按1999年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)肺癌组织学类型分类标准且由病理科医师确认[4]。

1.2. 分组

按血清白蛋白及尿素氮指标水平正常与否进行分组,正常值范围:白蛋白40.0 g/L-55.0 g/L、尿素3.30 mmol/L-8.22 mmol/L。指标水平正常定义为阴性,低于正常范围定义为阳性。

1.3. 观察指标

分析血清白蛋白及尿素氮指标水平阴性与阳性两组的年龄、性别、病理学类型、临床分期、吸烟史、淋巴结转移及远处转移的临床特征的差异;并分别分析不同病理学类型中,血清白蛋白及尿素氮指标水平阴性与阳性两组的年龄、性别、临床分期、吸烟史、淋巴结转移及远处转移的临床特征及生存曲线的差异;并对有意义的临床特征进行分析,观察其对患者生存预后的影响。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析,采用卡方检验,生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法并进行Log-rank检验,采用GraphPad Prism进行图片制作。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 一般情况

表 1表 2所示,本研究总共纳入原发性肺癌患者1, 098例,年龄19岁-90岁,平均60.65岁。其中男性757例(占69.0%),女性341例(31.0%)。纳入患者中,病理类型以腺癌为主,612例(55.8%);鳞癌312例(28.4%),小细胞癌174例(15.8%)。临床分期中,早期肺癌(Ⅰ期-Ⅱ期)207例(18.9%),中晚期891例(81.1%)。此外,647例(58.9%)肺癌患者在诊断时伴有淋巴结转移,所有患者中有吸烟史的625例(56.9%)。

1

血清白蛋白水平与1, 098例肺癌患者临床病理特征的关系

The relationship between serum albumin level and clinicopathologic features of 1, 098 lung cancer patients

Value Negative
(n=448)
Positive
(n=650)
Total
(n=1, 098)
P
 SCLC: small cell lung cancer.
Basic characteristics
 Age(yr) <0.001
  <45 42(9.4%) 48(7.4%) 90
  45-60 194(43.3%) 195(30.0%) 389
  >60 212(47.3%) 407(62.6%) 619
 Gender 0.012
  Male 290(64.7%) 467(71.8%) 757
  Female 158(35.3%) 183(28.2%) 341
 Histological classification <0.01
  Squamous 98(21.8%) 214(32.9%) 312
  Adenocarcinoma 263(58.7%) 349(53.7%) 612
  SCLC 87(19.5%) 87(13.4%) 174
 Stages 0.001
  Ⅰ 61(13.6%) 43(6.6%) 104
  Ⅱ 45(10%) 58(8.9%) 103
  Ⅲ 111(24.8%) 178(27.4%) 289
  Ⅳ 231(51.6%) 371(57.1%) 602
 Smoking status 0.172
  No 204(45.5%) 269(41.4%) 473
  Yes 233(54.5%) 381(58.6%) 625
Metastasis
 Brain 0.036
  No 394(87.9%) 583(89.7%) 977
  Yes 54(12.2%) 67(10.3%) 121
 Bone 0.257
  No 368(82.1%) 516(79.4%) 884
  Yes 80(17.9%) 134(20.6%) 214
 Liver 0.036
  No 417(93.1%) 581(89.4%) 998
  Yes 31(6.9%) 69(10.4%) 100
 Adrenal gland 0.714
  No 423(94.4%) 617(95.0%) 1, 040
  Yes 25(5.6%) 33(5.0%) 58
 Lymph node 0.135
  No 196(48.7%) 255(39.2%) 451
  Yes 252(56.2%) 395(60.8%) 647
 Intrapulmonary 0.439
  No 401(89.5%) 572(88.0%) 973
  Yes 47(10.5%) 78(12.0%) 125
 Pleural 0.025
  No 396(88.4%) 543(83.5%) 939
  Yes 52(11.6%) 107(16.5%) 159
 Mediastinal 0.222
  No 439(98.0%) 629(96.8%) 1, 068
  Yes 9(2.0%) 21(3.2%) 30

2

血尿素氮水平与1, 098例肺癌患者临床病理特征的关系

The relationship between serum urea level and clinicopathologic features of 1, 098 lung cancer patients

Value Negative
(n=643)
Positive
(n=455)
Total
(n=1, 098)
P
Basic characteristics
 Age(yr) 0.200
  <45 55(8.6%) 35(7.7%) 90
  45-60 240(37.3%) 149(32.7%) 389
  >60 348(54.1%) 271(59.6%) 619
 Gender 0.823
  Male 445(69.2%) 312(68.6%) 757
  Female 198(30.8%) 143(31.4%) 341
 Histological classification 0.925
  Squamous 185(28.8%) 127(27.9%) 312
  Adenocarcinoma 358(55.7%) 254(55.8%) 612
  SCLC 100(15.5%) 74(16.3%) 174
 Stages 0.145
  Ⅰ 58(9.0%) 46(10.1%) 104
  Ⅱ 55(8.6%) 48(10.5%) 103
  Ⅲ 185(28.8%) 104(22.9%) 289
  Ⅳ 345(53.6%) 257(56.5%) 602
 Smoking status 0.323
  No 269(41.8%) 204(44.8%) 473
  Yes 374(58.2%) 251(55.2%) 625
Metastasis
 Brain 0.576
  No 575(89.4%) 402(88.4%) 977
  Yes 68(10.6%) 53(11.6%) 121
 Bone 0.608
  No 521(81.0%) 363(79.8%) 884
  Yes 122(19.0%) 92(20.2%) 214
 Liver 0.331
  No 589(91.6%) 409(89.9%) 998
  Yes 54(8.4%) 46(10.1%) 100
 Adrenal gland 0.791
  No 610(94.9%) 430(95.5%) 1, 040
  Yes 33(5.1%) 25(5.5%) 58
 Lymph node 0.376
  No 257(40.0%) 194(42.6%) 451
  Yes 386(60.0%) 261(57.4%) 647
 Intrapulmonary 0.355
  No 565(87.9%) 408(89.7%) 973
  Yes 78(12.1%) 47(10.3%) 125
 Pleural 0.742
  No 548(85.2%) 391(85.9%) 939
  Yes 95(14.8%) 64(14.1%) 159
 Mediastinal 0.831
  No 626(97.4%) 442(97.1%) 1, 068
  Yes 17(2.6%) 13(2.9%) 30

2.2. 血清白蛋白及尿素氮水平与临床病理特征的关系

血清白蛋白水平阴性和阳性两组中,年龄、性别、病理学分型、肝转移、胸膜转移方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余无统计学差异(P>0.05)(表 1)。血尿素氮水平阴性和阳性两组均无统计学差异(P>0.05)(表 2)。

2.3. 肺癌不同病理分型中白蛋白水平与临床病理特征的关系

312例鳞癌患者,血清白蛋白水平阴性和阳性两组,年龄和肺内转移方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表 3)。612例腺癌患者中,年龄、性别、临床分期及胸膜转移方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表 4)。174例小细胞癌患者中各临床特征均无统计学差异(P>0.05)(表 5)。

3

血清白蛋白水平与312例鳞癌患者临床病理特征的关系

The relationship between serum albumin level and clinicopathologic features of 312 patients of squamous cell carcinoma

Value Negative
(n=98)
Positive
(n=214)
Total
(n=312)
P
Basic characteristics
 Age(yr) <0.001
  <45 5(5.1%) 5(2.3%) 10
  45-60 50(51.0%) 67(31.3%) 117
  >60 38(43.9%) 14(66.4%) 185
 Gender 0.861
  Male 89(90.8%) 193(90.2%) 282
  Female 158(35.3%) 183(28.2%) 30
 Stages 0.236
  Ⅰ 13(13.3%) 15(7.0%) 28
  Ⅱ 15(15.3%) 26(12.1%) 41
  Ⅲ 33(33.7%) 84(39.3%) 117
  Ⅳ 37(37.7%) 89(41.6%) 126
 Smoking status 0.430
  No 16(16.3%) 43(20.1%) 59
  Yes 82(83.7%) 171(79.9%) 253
Metastasis
 Brain 0.751
  No 91(92.9%) 207(96.7%) 298
  Yes 7(7.1%) 7(3.3%) 14
 Bone 0.751
  No 86(87.8%) 185(86.4%) 271
  Yes 12(12.2%) 29(13.6%) 41
 Liver 0.200
  No 93(94.9%) 194(90.7%) 287
  Yes 5(5.1%) 20(9.3%) 25
 Adrenal gland 0.424
  No 92(93.9%) 207(96.7%) 299
  Yes 6(6.1%) 7(3.3%) 13
 Lymph node 0.303
  No 45(45.9%) 85(39.7%) 130
  Yes 53(54.1%) 129(60.3%) 182
 Intrapulmonary 0.067
  No 93(94.9%) 189(88.3%) 282
  Yes 5(5.1%) 25(11.7%) 30
 Pleural 0.641
  No 90(91.8%) 193(90.2%) 283
  Yes 8(8.2%) 21(9.8%) 29
 Mediastinal 0.547
  No 96(98.0%) 207(96.7%) 303
  Yes 2(2.0%) 7(3.3%) 9

4

血清白蛋白水平与612例腺癌患者临床病理特征的关系

The relationship between serum albumin level and clinicopathologic features of 612 patients of adenocarcinoma

Value Negative
(n=263)
Positive
(n=349)
Total
(n=612)
P
Basic characteristics
 Age(yr) 0.003
  <45 31(11.8%) 36(10.3%) 67
  45-60 101(38.4%) 92(26.4%) 193
  >60 131(49.8%) 221(63.3%) 352
 Gender 0.021
  Male 129(49.0%) 204(58.5%) 333
  Female 134(51.0%) 145(41.5%) 279
 Stages 0.001
  Ⅰ 42(16.0%) 24(6.9%) 66
  Ⅱ 27(10.2%) 25(68%) 52
  Ⅲ 47(17.9%) 68(19.5%) 115
  Ⅳ 147(55.9%) 232(66.5%) 379
 Smoking status 0.234
  No 164(62.4%) 21(57.6%) 365
  Yes 99(37.6%) 148(42.4%) 247
Metastasis
 Brain 0.886
  No 225(85.6%) 300(90.8%) 525
  Yes 38(14.4%) 49(14.0%) 87
 Bone 0.127
  No 207(78.7%) 256(73.4%) 463
  Yes 56(21.3%) 93(26.6%) 149
 Liver 0.222
  No 246(93.5%) 317(90.8%) 563
  Yes 17(6.5%) 32(9.2%) 49
 Adrenal gland 0.067
  No 256(97.3%) 329(94.3%) 585
  Yes 7(2.7%) 20(5.7%) 27
 Lymph node 0.160
  No 125(47.5%) 146(41.8%) 271
  Yes 138(52.5%) 203(58.2%) 341
 Intrapulmonary 0.673
  No 226(85.9%) 304(87.1%) 530
  Yes 37(14.1%) 45(12.5%) 82
 Pleural 0.019
  No 224(85.2%) 271(77.7%) 495
  Yes 39(14.8%) 78(22.3%) 117
 Mediastinal 0.069
  No 260(98.9%) 337(96.6%) 597
  Yes 3(1.1%) 12(3.4%) 15

5

血清白蛋白水平与174例鳞癌患者临床病理特征的关系

The relationship between serum albumin level and clinicopathologic features of 174 small cell lung cancer patients

Value Negative
(n=87)
Positive
(n=87)
Total
(n=174)
P
Basic characteristics
 Age(yr) 0.567
  <45 6(6.9%) 7(8.0%) 13
  45-60 43(49.4%) 36(41.4%) 79
  >60 38(43.7%) 44(50.6%) 82
 Gender 0.696
  Male 72(82.8%) 70(80.5%) 142
  Female 15(17.2%) 17(19.5%) 32
 Stages 0.470
  Ⅰ 6(6.9%) 4(4.6%) 10
  Ⅱ 3(3.4%) 7(8.0%) 10
  Ⅲ 31(35.6%) 26(29.9%) 57
  Ⅳ 47(54.1%) 50(57.5%) 97
 Smoking status 0.866
  No 24(27.6%) 25(28.7%) 49
  Yes 63(72.4%) 62(71.3%) 125
Metastasis
 Brain 0.886
  No 225(85.6%) 300(90.8%) 525
  Yes 38(14.4%) 49(14.0%) 87
 Bone 0.635
  No 78(89.7%) 76(87.4%) 154
  Yes 9(10.3%) 11(12.6%) 20
 Liver 0.089
  No 78(89.7%) 70(80.5%) 148
  Yes 9(10.3%) 17(19.5%) 26
 Adrenal gland 0.135
  No 75(86.2%) 81(93.1%) 156
  Yes 12(13.8%) 6(6.9%) 27
 Lymph node 0.738
  No 26(29.9%) 24(27.6%) 50
  Yes 61(70.1%) 63(72.4%) 124
 Intrapulmonary
  No 82(94.3%) 79(90.8%) 161 0.387
  Yes 5(5.7%) 8(9.2%) 13
 Pleural
  No 82(94.3%) 79(90.8%) 161 0.387
  Yes 5(5.7%) 8(9.2%) 13
 Mediastinal 0.406
  No 83(95.4%) 85(97.7%) 168
  Yes 4(4.6%) 2(2.3%) 6

2.4. 肺癌不同病理分型中血尿素氮水平与临床病理特征的关系

312例鳞癌患者(表 6)及612例腺癌患者中(表 7),尿素水平阴性和阳性两组中各临床特征均无统计学差异(P>0.05);174例小细胞癌患者中仅年龄差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表 8)。

6

血尿素氮水平与312例鳞癌患者临床病理特征的关系

The relationship between serum urea level and clinicopathologic features of 312 patients of squamous cell carcinoma

Value Negative
(n=185)
Positive
(n=127)
Total
(n=312)
P
Basic characteristics
 Age(yr) 0.396
  <45 8(4.3%) 2(1.6%) 10
  45-60 68(36.8%) 49(38.6%) 117
  >60 109(58.9%) 76(59.8%) 185
 Gender 0.636
  Male 166(89.7%) 116(91.3%) 282
  Female 19(10.3%) 11(8.7%) 30
 Stages 0.102
  Ⅰ 17(9.2%) 11(8.7%) 28
  Ⅱ 18(9.7%) 23(18.1%) 41
  Ⅲ 77(41..6%) 40(31.5%) 117
  Ⅳ 73(39.5%) 53(41.7%) 126
 Smoking status 0.559
  No 33(17.8%) 26(20.5%) 59
  Yes 152(82.2%) 62(79.5%) 253
Metastasis
 Brain 0.344
  No 175(94.6%) 106(83.5%) 298
  Yes 10(5.4%) 21(3.1%) 14
 Bone 0.141
  No 165(89.2%) 106(83.5%) 271
  Yes 20(10.8%) 11(12.6%) 41
 Liver 0.727
  No 171(92.4%) 116(913%) 287
  Yes 14(7.6%) 11(8.7%) 25
 Adrenal gland 0.456
  No 176(95.1%) 123(96.9%) 299
  Yes 9(4.9%) 4(3.1%) 13
 Lymph node 0.340
  No 73(39.5%) 57(44.9%) 130
  Yes 112(60.5%) 70(55.1%) 182
 Intrapulmonary 0.636
  No 166(89.7%) 116(91.3%) 282
  Yes 19(10.3%) 11(8.7%) 30
 Pleural 0.750
  No 167(90.3%) 116(91.3%) 283
  Yes 18(9.7%) 11(9.7%) 29
 Mediastinal 0.817
  No 180(97.3%) 123(96.9%) 303
  Yes 5(2.7%) 4(3.1%) 9

7

血尿素氮水平与612例腺癌患者临床病理特征的关系

The relationship between serum urea level and clinicopathologic features of 612 patients of adenocarcinoma

Value Negative
(n=358)
Positive
(n=254)
Total
(n=612)
P
Basic characteristics
 Age(yr) 0.981
  <45 39(10.9%) 28(11.0%) 67
  45-60 114(31.8%) 79(31.1%) 193
  >60 205(57.3%) 147(57.9%) 352
 Gender 0.843
  Male 196(54.7%) 137(53.9%) 333
  Female 162(45.3%) 117(46.1%) 279
 Stages 0.272
  Ⅰ 34(9.5%) 32(12.6%) 66
  Ⅱ 32(8.9%) 20(7.9%) 52
  Ⅲ 75(21.0%) 40(15.7%) 115
  Ⅳ 217(60.6%) 162(63.8%) 379
 Smoking status 0.800
  No 212(59.2%) 153(60.2%) 365
  Yes 146(40.8%) 101(39.8%) 247
Metastasis
 Brain 0.166
  No 313(87.4%) 212(83.5%) 525
  Yes 45(12.6%) 42(16.5%) 87
 Bone 0.824
  No 272(76.0%) 191(75.2%) 463
  Yes 86(24.0%) 63(24.8%) 49
 Liver 0.421
  No 332(92.7%) 231(90.9%) 563
  Yes 26(7.3%) 17(9.1%) 49
 Adrenal gland 0.474
  No 344(96.1%) 241(94.9%) 585
  Yes 14(3.9%) 13(5.1%) 27
 Lymph node 0.455
  No 154(43.0%) 117(46.1%) 271
  Yes 204(57.0%) 137(53.9%) 341
 Intrapulmonary 0.331
  No 306(85.5%) 224(88.2%) 530
  Yes 52(14.5%) 30(11.8%) 82
 Pleural 0.927
  No 290(81.0%) 205(80.7%) 495
  Yes 68(19.0%) 49(19.3%) 117
 Mediastinal 0.516
  No 348(97.2%) 249(98.0%) 597
  Yes 10(2.8%) 5(2.0%) 15

8

血尿素氮水平与174例鳞癌患者临床病理特征的关系

The relationship between serum urea level and clinicopathologic features of 174 small cell lung cancer patients

Value Negative
(n=100)
Positive
(n=74)
Total
(n=174)
P
Basic characteristics
 Age(yr) <0.001
  <45 8(8.0%) 5(6.7%) 13
  45-60 58(58.0%) 21(28.4%) 79
  >60 34(34.0%) 48(64.9%) 82
 Gender 0.582
  Male 83(83.0%) 59(79.7%) 142
  Female 17(17.0%) 15(20.3%) 32
 Stages 0.826
  Ⅰ 7(7.0%) 3(4.1%) 10
  Ⅱ 5(5.0%) 5(6.7%) 10
  Ⅲ 33(33.0%) 24(32.4%) 57
  Ⅳ 55(55.0%) 42(56.8%) 97
 Smoking status 0.156
  No 24(24.0%) 25(33.8%) 49
  Yes 76(76.0%) 49(66.2%) 125
Metastasis
 Brain 0.469
  No 87(87.0%) 67(90.5%) 154
  Yes 13(13.0%) 7(9.5%) 20
 Bone 0.469
  No 84(84.0%) 66(89.2%) 154
  Yes 16(16.0%) 8(10.8%) 20
 Liver 0.685
  No 86(86.0%) 62(83.8%) 148
  Yes 14(14.0%) 12(16.2%) 26
 Adrenal gland 0.862
  No 90(90.0%) 66(89.2%) 156
  Yes 10(10.0%) 8(10.8%) 18
 Lymph node 0.668
  No 30(30.0%) 20(27.0%) 50
  Yes 70(70.0%) 54(73.0%) 124
 Intrapulmonary 0.373
  No 93(93.0%) 68(91.9%) 161
  Yes 7(7.0%) 6(8.1%) 13
 Pleural 0.373
  No 91(91.0%) 70(94.6%) 161
  Yes 9(9%) 4(5.4%) 13
 Mediastinal 0.224
  No 98(98.0%) 70(94.6%) 168
  Yes 2(2.0%) 4(5.4%) 6

2.5. 血清白蛋白水平与肺癌不同病理分型患者的预后

对这1, 098例患者进行24个月-36个月的随访,最终仅565例患者获得生存资料。在不同病理分型肺癌患者中,对血清白蛋白水平阴性及阳性组的患者进行生存分析。鳞癌患者,血清白蛋白阴性组与阳性组中位生存时间分别为36个月和19个月,前者中位生存期明显高于后者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(图 1A)。腺癌患者,中位生存时间分别为35个月和15个月,前者中位生存期明显高于后者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(图 1B)。小细胞癌患者中,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.234)(图 1C)。

Albumin低

生存曲线。A:鳞癌患者血清白蛋白水平阴性及阳性组;B:腺癌患者血清白蛋白水平阴性及阳性组;C:小细胞癌患者血清白蛋白水平阴性及阳性组;D:鳞癌患者血尿素氮水平阴性及阳性组;E:腺癌患者血尿素氮水平阴性及阳性组;F:小细胞癌患者血尿素氮水平阴性及阳性组。

The Kaplan-Meier curves. A: Squamous cell carcinoma in negative and positive of serum albumin level; B: Adenocarcinoma in negative and positive of serum albumin level; C: Small cell lung cancer in negative and positive of serum albumin level; D: Squamous cell carcinoma in negative and positive of serum urea level; E: Adenocarcinoma in negative and positive of serum urea level; F: Small cell lung cancer in negative and positive of serum urea level.

2.6. 血尿素氮水平与肺癌不同病理分型患者的预后

在不同病理分型肺癌患者中,对血尿素氮水平阴性及阳性组的患者进行生存分析。鳞癌患者、腺癌患者及小细胞癌患者中,两组差异均无统计学意义,P值分别为0.795(图 1D)、0.0629(图 1E)、0.204(图 1F)。

3. 讨论

近年来,随着环境恶化和人口老龄化的加剧,各类呼吸系统疾病的发生不断增加,肺癌是发生于支气管黏膜上皮的常见的呼吸系统恶性肿瘤,已成为危害人类生命安全的主要疾病之一[5]。

血清白蛋白是血清总蛋白的主要蛋白质成分,由肝脏合成,是血浆中含量最丰富的蛋白质,他具有结合和运输内源性与外源性物质,维持血液胶体渗透压、营养支持等方面均起着重要作用,在生命过程中有着重要意义。血尿素氮则是人体蛋白质代谢的主要终末产物。本研究发现尿素氮与肺癌患者的临床特征及预后无明显统计学差异,但血清白蛋白水平则与肺癌的生存相关,白蛋白水平低的患者中位生存期明显低于白蛋白水平正常的患者。这可能与血清白蛋白可以反应患者的营养状况,而营养状况可影响患者预后。

恶性肿瘤疾病是一种消耗性疾病,肺癌患者长期处于消耗状态,导致体重降低、营养不良。血清白蛋白是作为评价营养的生化指标,是反映内脏蛋白水平的最佳和最简易的参数[6]。29个肿瘤研究中心的临床流行病学调查显示:白蛋白水平是肿瘤患者存活的预示因子[7];60岁以上住院患者的死亡率与低白蛋白水平有关[8]。而白蛋白的含量也是评价机体免疫力的重要指标,当白蛋白含量<30 g/L时,机体可能无法抵抗外来病原菌的侵袭,导致肺部感染等发生,尤其是接受手术或联合多种化疗药物治疗的患者,更易导致体内大量白蛋白的丢失。有研究[9]显示,当血清白蛋白<30 g/L时,患者发生肺部感染概率显著增高,且为独立危险因素。有研究[10]表明,肺癌患者可存在血清白蛋白水平降低,且外科手术或者放化疗可进一步导致其血清白蛋白水平降低,因此白蛋白可能与肺癌患者的病情相关,可能用于其预后。此外,有研究[11]发现,血清总蛋白和白蛋白降低是肺癌患者发生深静脉血栓的危险因素之一,这也可能是导致肺癌患者生存期缩短的原因。肺癌患者血清白蛋白可作为其预后评价的参考指标。早期关注肺癌患者的营养状态,尤其是接受手术或是接受放化疗的患者,加强营养及蛋白质的摄入,可能提高其预后。但患者血清白蛋白水平以及预后均可能受高血压、糖尿病等基础疾病的影响,因此明确患者血清白蛋白水平对其预后的评估价值需更大样本量和更全面的研究。

综上所述,肺癌患者血清白蛋白可作为患者预后的一个预测指标。但由于其受多种因素影响,故临床上可以采用多种指标以及肿瘤标志物联合,更好地预测患者的预后。

Funding Statement

本研究受国家自然科学基金项目(No.81241068, No.81372504)资助

This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81241068 and No.81372504)(Both to Weimin LI)

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