糖尿病的發病率在不斷增長,並達到全球流行的程度,糖尿病足潰瘍是糖尿病最常見、最嚴重的並發症。周圍神經病變、周圍動脈疾病和創傷是導致足部潰瘍發生的主要因素,而創面愈合不良又可引起慢性創面的發生,常導致截肢。雖然多學科治療已成為廣泛的共識,但及時採取有效的外科干預,可以控制創面感染,促進創面愈合,減少截肢發生率。 糖尿病足潰瘍約有一半發生在足底表面,另一半在足的其他部位,其主要威脅來自於周圍神經病變、外周動脈疾病、運動神經病變相關的足部畸形,以及輕微的足部創傷、感染和骨髓炎。引起糖尿病足潰瘍的危險因素有:性別(男性)、糖尿病持續時間超過10年、高齡患者、高體重指數和其他並發症,如糖尿病視網膜病變、周圍神經病變、周圍血管病變、糖化血紅蛋白水平高、足部畸形、足底壓力高、感染和不適當的足自我保健習慣。這些危險因素可以導致足部皮膚和(或)皮下組織的局部損傷,導致足部潰瘍的發生,增加了截肢和死亡的風險。 介入治療是改善下肢血運的較好方法之一。因其創傷小,療效確切,術后患者恢復快、並發症少等優點,在糖尿病足的治療方式中具有重要的地位。尤其是對於年齡較大,身體條件較差的患者。介入治療通過局部穿刺技術,運用特殊的導管導絲和球囊,將病變段血管進行擴張,置入或不置入支架,以達到重新開通狹窄或閉塞的血管的目的,從而改善肢體的血供。 糖尿病足的創面治療: 1、強調抗生素治療的原則是基於細菌培養和藥物敏感試驗報告。 2、肯定含銀敷料和復方草藥制劑在治療糖尿病足部創面方面有良好的效果。理想的敷料應保持水分平衡,蛋白酶隔離,生長因子刺激,抗菌活動性、透氧性和促進能力自溶清創術,有助於肉芽組織和再上皮化過程。此外,它的作用時間應足夠長,能持續釋放藥物進行治療,效率高。盡管生物工程皮膚具有優勢,但不能單獨用於治療糖尿病足潰瘍。 3、高壓氧治療可改善創面組織缺氧、增強血流灌注、減輕水腫、下調炎性因子,促進成纖維細胞增殖、膠原蛋白生成和血管生成。此外,高壓氧治療還可刺激骨髓造血干細胞動員並將其招募到皮膚創面中。 4、電刺激是一種有效的糖尿病足潰瘍輔助治療方法,這種療法是一種安全、廉價、簡單的干預措施,可以改善糖尿病足潰瘍患者的創面愈合。 5、外科清創在糖尿病足潰瘍治療中最為有效。清創的主要目的是把慢性創面變成急性創面。如果新的壞死組織繼續形成,應盡可能多地重復手術清創。手術方式的選擇:盡可能優先選擇簡單、繼發損傷小的手術方案,以簡單方法解決復雜問題。 6、外周缺血是糖尿病足潰瘍的病理特征之一,是影響生物工程皮膚移植的關鍵因素。因此,手術血運重建和減壓以及創面床的准備被認為是生物工程皮膚應用的必要前提。 7,負壓創面治療可以消除水腫和慢性滲出,減少細菌定植,促進新生血管的形成,增加細胞增殖,通過施加機械力改善創面氧合。負壓創面治療作為一種安全有效的輔助治療糖尿病足創面的方法已被眾多隨機對照試驗所推薦。 8、生長因子在糖尿病足潰瘍治療中有一定作用,如血小板源性生長因子、酸性成纖維細胞生長因子、鹼性成纖維細胞生長因子、血管內皮生長因子、胰島素樣生長因子-1、胰島素樣生長因子-2、表皮生長因子、轉化生長因子-β。 糖尿病足潰瘍合並難愈合創面很常見,而且經常導致下肢截肢,採取理性的、多學科治療已成為廣泛的共識。糖尿病足創面處理除了局部輔助治療外,還應包括介入治療、血管重建、清創和手術治療等,及時控制創面感染,促進創面愈合,降低糖尿病足潰瘍高發病率和高風險性以及由此引起的嚴重並發症。 本文由上海電力醫院燒傷整形外科主任醫師朱維平、汪妍進行科學性把關 “達醫曉護”供稿 (責編:劉子若、李慧博) 相關新聞
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隨著人口老化,世界上許多地區糖尿病的盛行率居高不下,使得足部潰瘍也逐漸成為主要的公共衛生議題。糖尿病患者一生中約有12~25%的比率會出現足部潰瘍,而高達20%的糖尿病病人是因為足部問題而住院。足部潰瘍會導致糖尿病病患住院率增加、生活品質下降、治療費用增加,同時也是造成下肢截肢最主要的危險因子,實不容忽視。因糖尿病足截肢者是非糖尿病患者的15倍,而截肢會造成病患身體缺損,功能喪失及心理方面的障礙,嚴重影響病人的生活品質與工作能力,也導致龐大的醫療費用支出與社會成本。 導致足部潰瘍的糖尿病併發症 血管病變 感染 糖尿病足潰瘍的治療方針 血糖控制 消除足底壓力 感染治療 改善周邊血液循環 手術治療 潰瘍傷口的敷料處置 結語
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