受監護人繼承遺產特別代理人

1. 熱門：

法院許可監護人代為遺產分割事件中「受監護人利益」之保護

Best Interest of Ward in Guardianship for Adults in Taiwan: from the Cases on Division of Inherited Property in Practice

依民法第1101條第1、2項規定，監護人於代理受監護人處分不動產時，須由法院考量是否「為受監護人之利益」，以決定是否許可。本條文係未成年監護之規定，因民法第1113 條準用於成年監護。遺產分割亦該當此處之「處分」，本文分析、整理各級法院有關遺產分割之許可事件，希能在此類案件中更細緻化何謂「受監護人之利益」。歸納並分析實務見解後，本文認為，在監護人與受監護人同為繼承人之情形，因遺產分割是繼承人間應有部分之交換，該當於民法第1102 條「監護人不得受讓受監護人財產」，須有法院之許可始得為之。此外，監護人與受監護人同為繼承人時，雙方該當利益相反，須選任特別代理人，但鑑於特別代理人經常由親屬擔任，立場恐有偏頗，故法院不應放任特別代理人自為遺產分割協議，亦應為實質審查。另外，即使監護人並非同為繼承人，其代理受監護人拋棄繼承時，法院仍應審酌「是否為受監護人利益」。再者，於許可遺產分割之裁定作成後，法院難以繼續監督監護人如何運用受監護人因分割所得之遺產，監護與信託之併用為可行之方向。此外，遺產分割之結果，受監護人常僅獲得現金，不動產則由其他繼承人取得，由於不動產之價值係以公告土地現值等計算，此種分割結果不利於受監護人，有待估價制度之變革。

Article 1101 of Taiwan's Civil Code requests the guardian to acquire court's permission on disposition of the ward's real property, and the court should consider if it is in the best interest of the ward to determine whether to give the permission. Article 1101 is in the Section of Guardianship over Minors, and applies mutatis mutandis to the guardianship for adults according to Article 1113. This study aims to clarify what is best interest of ward in cases on division of inherited property, which is one type of disposition of ward's real property. Through examining related legal cases, this research claims that since division of inherited property is an exchange of shares of real property between heirs, if both the guardian and the ward are the heirs, only court's permission can exempt the division of the inherited property from the restriction of Article 1102 which prohibits guardians from acquiring any property from wards. Besides, when both the guardian and the ward are the heirs, that is, the guardian's interest conflicts with that of the ward, the special agent appointed by the court is usually their relatives who may not act in the ward's interest. In order to protect the interest of the ward, the court should not let the special agent negotiate with the other heirs about the division of the inherited property by him/herself, and let the special agent directly make the registration of the division, but check the outcome of the negotiation to decide whether to give the permission. Moreover, the court should consider whether it is in the best interest of the ward even though the guardian is not one of the heirs in the procedure of waiving the inheritance. In addition, since it is difficult for the courts to continue to check the guardian's using of the property which the ward acquired through the division, the collaboration of guardianship and trusts will be a good way to protect the interest of the ward. Last but not least, the basis of valuation of real property in these cases should be amended. In many cases, other heirs got the real property in the inheritance by the division, and left only the money for the ward, causing damage to the interest of the ward due to the current basis of valuation, such as Announced Land Value or Assessed Standard Price.